Noun Clauses

See The Sentence or definitions of sentence, clause, and dependent clause.

A sentence which contains just one clause is called a simple sentence.

A sentence which contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses is called a complex sentence. (Dependent clauses are also called subordinate clauses.)

There are three basic types of dependent clauses: adjective clauses, adverb clauses, and noun clauses. (Adjective clauses are also called relative clauses.)

A. Noun clauses perform the same functions in sentences that nouns do:

·         A noun clause can be a subject of a verb:

What Billy did shocked his friends.

·         A noun clause can be an object of a verb:

Billy’s friends didn’t know that he couldn’t swim.

·         A noun clause can be a subject complement:

Billy’s mistake was that he refused to take lessons.

·         A noun clause can be an object of a preposition:

Mary is not responsible for what Billy did.

·         A noun clause (but not a noun) can be an adjective complement:

Everybody is sad that Billy drowned.

B. You can combine two independent clauses by changing one to a noun clause and using it in one of the ways listed above. The choice of the noun clause marker (see below) depends on the type of clause you are changing to a noun clause:

·         To change a statement to a noun clause use that:

I know + Billy made a mistake =

I know that Billy made a mistake.

·         To change a yes/no question to a noun clause, use if or whether:

George wonders + Does Fred know how to cook? =

George wonders if Fred knows how to cook.

·         To change a wh-question to a noun clause, use the wh-word:

I don’t know + Where is George? =

I don’t know where George is.

C. The subordinators in noun clauses are called noun clause markers. Here is a list of the noun clause markers:

·         that

·         if, whether

·         Wh-words: how, what, when, where, which, who, whom, whose, why

·         Wh-ever words: however, whatever, whenever, wherever, whichever, whoever, whomever

D. Except for that, noun clause markers cannot be omitted. Only that can be omitted, but it can be omitted only if it is not the first word in a sentence:

Correct:

Billy’s friends didn’t know that he couldn’t swim.

Correct:

Billy’s friends didn’t know he couldn’t swim.

Correct:

Billy’s mistake was that he refused to take lessons.

Correct:

Billy’s mistake was he refused to take lessons.

Correct:

That Billy jumped off the pier surprised everyone.

Not correct:

* Billy jumped off the pier surprised everyone.

E. Statement word order is always used in a noun clause, even if the main clause is a question:

Not correct:

* Do you know what time is it? (Question word order: is it)

Correct:

Do you know what time it is? (Statement word order: it is)

Not correct:

* Everybody wondered where did Billy go. (Question word order: did Billy go)

Correct:

Everybody wondered where Billy went. (Statement word order: Billy went)

F. Sequence of tenses in sentences containing noun clauses:

When the main verb (the verb in the independent clause) is present, the verb in the noun clause is:

·         Future if its action/state is later

He thinks that the exam next week will be hard.

He thinks that the exam next week is going to be hard.

·         Present if its action/state is at the same time

He thinks that Mary is taking the exam right now.

·         Past if its action/state is earlier

He thinks that George took the exam yesterday.

When the main verb (the verb in the independent clause) is past, the verb in the noun clause is: was/were going to or would + BASE if its action/state is later

He thought that the exam the following week was going to be hard.

He thought that the exam the following week would be hard.  

·         Past if its action/state is at the same time

He thought that Mary was taking the exam then.

·         Past perfect if its action/state is earlier

He thought that George had taken the exam the day before.

If the action/state of the noun clause is still in the future (that is, after the writer has written the sentence), then a future verb can be used even if the main verb is past.

The astronaut said that people will live on other planets someday.

If the action/state of the noun clause continues in the present (that is, at the time the writer is writing the sentence) or if the noun clause expresses a general truth or fact, the simple present tense can be used even if the main verb is past.

We learned that English is not easy.

The boys knew that the sun rises in the east.

G. Here are some examples of sentences which contain one noun clause (underlined) and   one independent clause:

·         Noun clauses as subjects of verbs:

·                                 That George learned how to swim is a miracle.

·                                 Whether Fred can get a better job is not certain.

·                                  What Mary said confused her parents.

·                                  However you learn to spell is OK with me.

·         Noun clauses as objects of verbs:

·                                 We didn’t know that Billy would jump.

·                                 We didn’t know Billy would jump.

·                                 Can you tell me if Fred is here?

·                                  I don’t know where he is.

·                                   George eats whatever is on his plate.

·         Noun clauses as subject complements:

·                                 The truth is that Billy was not very smart.

·                                 The truth is Billy was not very smart.

·                                  The question is whether other boys will try the same thing.

·                                  The winner will be whoever runs fastest.

·         Noun clauses as objects of prepositions:

·                                 Billy didn’t listen to what Mary said.

·                                 He wants to learn about whatever is interesting.

·         Noun clauses as adjective complements:

·                                 He is happy that he is learning English.

·                                We are all afraid that the final exam will be difficult.

Sumber : http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$23

General Election April 9, 2014

That day, it was my first time to doing general election I feel so amazed in my 19^th years old finally I made it to give my right chose. My family and I decide to go to TPU at 7 o’clock in the morning, we prepare many things because after we finish to chose we have another activity to do. After we finish preparing all the things we need we go to the TPU, actually it’s already late because at the first we planning to go in 7 o’clock but we to late and going there at 10 o’clock.

The location is near by my house but because we have another activity after the general election we use motor cycle to go there. In my way go there I wonder have is the situation could be, how should I do in there, who should I chose, did I am the one how have the first experiences in this year?  All that thinks is mixing in my mine and I just to relax and following my parent.

When we reach the location I’m a bitt surprise because the view in the TPU is not like what I’ve thinking before, not to crowd maybe they already at home because I remember we are the late one. After we parking our vehicle we looking for the registration table, and we list our name and we given a paper or something and I figure out that is an election paper. While I’m waiting my name to be called I take some picture to be capture.

After 15 minutes my name called by the committee in there and I enter one of four box in there and start to chose, at the first I’m still confuse and I’m not sure who the one I should chose. Finally after about 3 minute thinking I chose the name that I know. After that i put the election paper to the each election box.

And than they ask me to sign my little finger with blue ink that they have, then my first experiences to do general election was over now but before I’m doing another activity I make use of time to take some picture again in another place around my TPU. From what I see in another TPU is more crowded than my place.

In the afternoon when I going back home I spend my time to go to visit the General Election place. My purpose is to find out which party will be the winner and when I arrive I looking for some committee who I know and I ask him which party who got the first place and get most polls? And he said unfortunately there was some mistake about the calculating of the general election and they have to recalculating from the start and it’s cost so much time to wash and than because the sky is already dark I decide to go home and waiting for the news inside my house.

Kesimpulan Hasil Wawancara Pedagang Kecil

Berdasarkan hasil wawancara yang saya lalukan kepada seorang penjual dimsum, saya dapat menyimpulkan bahwa :

          Pada awal nya penjual dimsum yang membuka tokonya di daerah galaxy ini memilih dimsum sebagai bisnis awalnya karena menurutnya penjual dimsum di daerah bekasi ini masih sedikit dan belum begitu terkenal untuk semua kalangan. Di samping itu dimsum ini adalan bisnis pertama yang dia jalani jadi dia merasa mempunyai tantangan untuk memulai bisnis ini dan mempunyai tekat akan membuat dimsum yang saat ini lebih di kenal sebagai makanan menegah keatas menjadi makanan yang nanti nya dapat di nikmati dan di kenal oleh semua kalangan.

Bisnis yang masih seumur jagung ini bisa di bilang cukup berhasil, walau belum terlihat keuntungan yang besar namun bisnis ini mendapat sambutan yang cukup baik. Pedagang dimsum ini juga mengatakan bahwa dia mempunyai visi untuk memperluas usaha nya agar bisa mempunyai cabang di beberapa kota besar dan jika hasil yang di dapat bisa memenuhi target hasil dari bisnis nya itu akan dia gunakan untuk menaikan haji kedua orang tua nya.