Gerunds And Infinitives

       Both gerunds and infinitives can be nouns, which means they can do just about anything that a noun can do. Although they name things, like other nouns, they normally name activities rather than people or objects. 

Here are five noun-uses of gerunds and infinitives (and one additional non-noun use, the adjective complement, that we throw in here, free of charge).

1.      Gerunds and infintives can both function as the subject of a sentence:

1. Playing basketball takes up too much of her time.
2. To play basketball for UConn is her favorite fantasy.

2.      It is not impossible for an infinitive to appear at the beginning of a sentence as the subject (as in Ib), but it is more common for an infinitive to appear as a Subject Complement:

1. Her favorite fantasy is to play basketball for UConn.

The gerund can also play this role:

2. Her favorite fantasy is playing basketball for UConn.

3.      Both of these verbal forms can further identify a noun when they play the role of Noun Complement and Appositive:

1. Her desire to play basketball for UConn became an obsession.
2. I could never understand her desire to play basketball for UConn.
3. Her one burning desire in life, playing basketball for UConn, seemed a goal within reach.

      The infinitive is often a complement used to help define an abstract noun. Here is a very partial list of abstract nouns, enough to suggest their nature. Try following these adjectives with an infinitive phrase (their desire to play in the championship game, a motivation to pass all their courses, her permission to stay up late, a gentle reminder to do your work) to see how the phrase modifies and focuses the noun.

advice appeal command decision desire fact instruction motivation	opportunity order permission plan possibility preparation proposal recommendation	refusal reminder request requirement suggestion tendency wish

4.       Infinitive phrases often follow certain adjectives. When this happens, the infinitive is said to play the role of Adjective Complement. (This is not a noun function, but we will include it here nonetheless.)

1. She was hesitant to tell the coach of her plan.
2. She was reluctant to tell her parents, also.
3. But she would not have been content to play high school ball forever.

Here is a list of adjectives that you will often find in such constructions.

ahead amazed anxious apt ashamed bound careful certain content delighted

determined disappointed eager eligible fortunate glad happy hesitant liable likely

lucky pleased proud ready reluctant sad shocked sorry surprised upset

5.      Although we do not find many infinitives in this next category, it is not uncommon to find gerunds taking on the role of Object of a Preposition:

1. She wrote a newspaper article about dealing with college recruiters.
2. She thanked her coach for helping her to deal with the pressure.

Two prepositions, except and but, will sometimes take an infinitive.

1. The committee had no choice except to elect Frogbellow chairperson.
2. What is left for us but to pack up our belongings and leave?

6.      And, finally, both gerunds and infinitives can act as a Direct Object:

       Here, however, all kinds of decisions have to be made, and some of these decisions will seem quite arbitrary. The next section is about making the choice between gerund and infinitive forms as direct object.
Verbs that take other verb forms as objects are called catenatives (from a word that means to link, as in a chain). Catenatives can be found at the head of a series of linked constructions, as in "We agreed to try to decide to stop eating between meals." Catenatives are also characterized by their tendency to describe mental processes and resolutions. (Kolln)

      Although it is seldom a serious problem for native English speakers, deciding whether to use a gerund or an infinitive after a verb can be perplexing among students for whom English is a second language. Why do we decide to run, but we would never decide running? On the other hand, we might avoid running, but we would not avoid to run. And finally, we might like running and would also like to run. It is clear that some verbs take gerunds, some verbs take infinitives, and some verbs take either. The following tables of verbs should help you understand the various options that regulate our choice of infinitive or gerund.

      The verbs in the table below will be followed by an infinitive. We decided to leave. He manages, somehow, to win. It is threatening to rain. Notice that many, but not all, of these verbs suggest a potential event.
           Some of the verbs in the following table may be followed by a gerund if they are describing an "actual, vivid or fulfilled action" (Frodesen). We love running. They began farming the land. These are described, also, below.

Emotion
care desire hate	hate like loathe	love regret yearn
Choice or Intent
agree choose decide decide expect	hope intend need plan prefer	prepare propose refuse want wish
Initiation, Completion, Incompletion
begin cease commence fail	get hesitate manage neglect	start try undertake
Mental Process
forget know how	learn	Remember
Request and Promise
demand offer	promise swear	threaten vow
Intransitives
appear happen	seem	Tend
Miscellaneous
afford arrange	claim continue	pretend wait

      The verbs in the next table will often be followed by an infinitive, but they will also be accompanied by a second object. We asked the intruders to leave quietly. They taught the children to swim. The teacher convinced his students to try harder.
      The verbs in blue, with an asterisk, can also follow the same pattern as the verbs in the table above (i.e., the second object is optional). We all wanted to go. They promised to be home early.

Communication
advise ask* beg* challenge command convince	forbid invite order permit persuade promise*	remind require tell warn urge
Instruction
encourage help	instruct teach	Train
Causing
allow cause choose	force get hire	need* would like*
Miscellaneous
dare* expect*	trust prepare*	want*

      Gerunds accompany a form of the verb to go in many idiomatic expressions: Let's go shopping. We went jogging yesterday. She goes bowling every Friday night.
      The following verbs will be followed by a gerund. Did I mention reading that novel last summer? I recommend leaving while we can. I have quit smoking These verbs tend to describe actual events.

Initiation, Completion and Incompletion
anticipate avoid begin cease complete	delay finish get through give up postpone	quit risk start stop try
Communication
admit advise deny discuss	encourage mention recommend	report suggest urge
Continuing Action
continue can't help	practice involve	keep keep on
Emotion
appreciate dislike enjoy hate like	love mind don't mind miss prefer	regret can't stand resent resist tolerate
Mental Process
anticipate consider forget	imagine recall remember	see can't see understand

      The verbs in the following table can be followed by either an infinitive or a gerund, and there will be virtually no difference in the meaning of the two sentences. I like to play basketball in the park. I like playing basketball in the park.

attempt begin continue hate

like love neglect prefer

regret can't stand stand start

      
      The verbs in this next, very small table can be followed by either an infinitive or a gerund, but there will be a difference in meaning. I stopped smoking means something quite different, for instance, from I stopped to smoke. The infinitive form will usually describe a potential action.

forget

remember

stop

      Finally, the verbs below will be followed by either a gerund or a simple verb and a second subject will be required. I saw the team losing its composure. I overheard my landlord discussing a rent increase. (I heard Bill sing/singing.) These verbs involve the senses.

Verbs Involving Senses
feel hear listen to	look at notice observe	overhear see watch

       Verbs of perception — hear, see, watch — and a handful of other verbs — help, let, and make — will take what is called the bare infinitive, an infinitive without the particle "to." This is true of these verbs only in the active voice.

1. We watched him clear the table.
2. They heard the thief crash through the door.
3. She made me do it.
4. We helped her finish the homework.

Using Possessives with Gerunds

      Do we say "I can't stand him singing in the shower," or do we say "I can't stand his singing in the shower"? Well, you have to decide what you find objectionable: is it him, the fact that he is singing in the shower, or is it the singing that is being done by him that you can't stand? Chances are, it's the latter, it's the singing that belongs to him that bugs you. So we would say, "I can't stand his singing in the shower."
      On the other hand, do we say "I noticed your standing in the alley last night"? Probably not, because it's not the action that we noticed; it's the person. So we'd say and write, instead, "I noticed you standing in the alley last night." Usually, however, when a noun or pronoun precedes a gerund, that noun or pronoun takes a possessive form. This is especially true of formal, academic writing.

There are exceptions to this. (What would the study of language be without exceptions?)

• When the noun preceding the gerund is modified by other words, use the common form of that noun, not the possessive.
1. Federico was pleased by Carlos's making the Dean's List for the first time.
   but
2. Federico was pleased by Carlos, his oldest son, making the Dean's List for the first time.

When the noun preceding the gerund is plural, collective, or abstract, use the common form of that noun, not the possessive.

3. Professor Villa was amazed by her students working as hard as they did.
4. The class working collaboratively was somebody else's idea.
5. It was a case of old age getting the better of them.

There are certain situations in which the possessive and the gerund create an awkward combination. This seems to be particularly true when indefinite pronouns are involved.

6. I was shocked by somebody's making that remark.
   This would be greatly improved by saying, instead . . .
7. I was shocked that somebody would make that remark.

This is also true when the "owner" of the gerund comes wrapped in a noun phrase:

• I was thankful for the guy next door shoveling snow from my driveway.

Source : http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/gerunds.htm

Vision And Mission for Economic Affairs Candidates And vice presidential candidate in 2014 Presidential Election

Two pairs of presidential and vice presidential candidate has declared itself. One is Prabowo-Hatta Rajasa promoted Gerindra, Golkar, PAN, PPP, PKS, and the United Nations.

The pair has released visions of economic policy will run. Here is the summary as quoted detikFinance based document entitled Agenda and Program
 

Real for Saving Indonesia from Prabowo-Hatta in Jakarta, Wednesday (05/21/2014):
Real Agenda and Program
1. Improve per capita income of U.S. $ 35 million per year to a minimum of U.S. $ 60 million per year with annual growth of 7% per year.

2. Improving the equity and quality of economic growth. Income gap is measured from the Gini ratio of 0.31 is targeted towards current 0.41. Human Development Index (HDI) also increased from 75 to 85.

3. Improve absorption of labor towards 2 million jobs per year through improved irrigation and infrastructure for the processing industry on the work and the opening of new agricultural land. Then make state enterprises that have strategic value to the economy as a locomotive for economic revival and sovereignty.

4. Establish processing industry to master the added value to the national economy is done by reforming the management of natural resources and industries, accelerate the development of downstream processing industries of mineral resources, continuing renegotiation of mining contracts and oil and gas are not sufficiently equitable and prioritize contracts which has expired for national business entities, as well as promote the development and competitiveness of downstream palm oil, rubber, cocoa, wood pulp and paper, and other primary products.

5. Establish and develop a national transportation industry.

6. Taking a proactive policy in maintaining stability of the financial sector, through the reduction of the risk of internal and external instability of the financial sector.

7. Establish Special Economic Zone (SEZ) Finance integrated with tourism, property, education, creative industries, retail services and commercial. Government investment budgeted approximately U.S. $ 2.25 to 3 billion over 7 years.


Until Tax Debt Problem
1. Increasing state revenues (tax ratio) of about 12% to reach 16% of GDP. The trick is the intensification and extension of taxes and taxation system improvements.

2. Implement tax reforms in the tax sector in both domestic and international trade taxes. Associated with a pure tax revenue from the Directorate General of Taxation (DGT), prepared a series of strategic moves ranging from the provision of incentives and tax rates breakthroughs, expansion of final tax, cross-sectoral synergies information, sharpening up the hierarchy of action in improving compliance.

3. Increasing the role of the Directorate General of Customs and Excise as a regulatory tool and
at the same time state revenues, among others, through the integration of information technology.

4. Optimizing the sources of non-tax state revenue based on sweeping and rigorous evaluation.

5. Reform state spending with the aim of improving the effectiveness of government spending, improve the efficiency of public spending, as well as minimizing leakage and wasteful spending. Each item will state spending combed and evaluated based on criteria derived complete with rewards and sanctions (reward and punishment)

6. Increasing the ratio of government expenditure to GDP has gradually become at least 19% by 2019. Spending country with a significant rise above that reached Rp 3.400 trillion cumulatively amounting to Rp 13,560 trillion during 2015-2019.

7. Reducing the budget deficit gradually to 1% of GDP began in 2017.

8. Reducing new foreign loans either multilateral or bilateral, with a target to zero in 2019.

9. Developing innovative financial products from countries that are integrated with the tax innovation, especially in the form of infrastructure bonds.

10. Develop financing schemes of social infrastructure such as clean water and hospitals, among others, through the Public-Private Partnership or Private Finance Initiative to record the cost of money is only slightly above coupon Government Securities.

1 Village to Rp. 1 Billion / Year
Economic democracy is a term that is quite popular today. According to the Center for Economic Democracy Studies, Gadjah Mada University, a populist economic system of the national economy that is organized as a joint effort based on a family basis, where production is done by all, for all, under the leadership or ownership of community members.

One of the presidential candidates and vice-president, and Hatta Rajasa Prabowo, have expressed their vision related to the development of social economy. Here's the summary as quoted detikFinance based document titled Real Agenda and Program for Saving Indonesia from Prabowo-Hatta Airport in Jakarta, Tuesday (20/05/2014):

1. Prioritizing increased budget allocation for development programs of agriculture, forestry, fishery, cooperatives and SMEs, as well as small and medium industries.

2. Encourage national banks and financial institutions to prioritize lending to farmers, fishermen, and small traders.

3. Establishing Bank Farmers and Fishermen specifically lending agriculture, livestock, fisheries and marine, as well as the increase of capital for microfinance institutions lending to small people.

4. Protecting and modernize traditional markets.

5. Protecting and fight for the rights of workers, including migrant workers.

6. Allocating the budget funds of at least U.S. $ 1 billion per rural / urban per year directly to the villages / wards. Fund Budget prepared by Rp 385 trillion during 2015-2019 to 75 244 villages / wards.

7. Establishing Institutions Tabung Haji.

8. Accelerating agrarian reform to guarantee the people's land ownership, increasing access and more equitable land tenure, as well as providing low-cost housing for the people.


Food and Energy Self-Reliance
1. Prints 2 million acres of new land to increase the production of rice, corn, sago, soy, and sugarcane that can employ more than 12 million million people. The government will increase research funding amounting to Rp 10 trillion from the state budget for 2015-2019, including building a pilot project of the People Agriculture Productivity Improvement in each district from 2015.

2. Encourage the development of food processing industry, animal husbandry, and fisheries with high competitiveness, inter alia through fiscal incentives.

3. Encouraging increased production and consumption of protein from milk, eggs, fish, and meat.

4. Prints 2 million hectares of land for palm, cassava, sweet potato, sago, sorghum, coconut, pecans, and other bioethanol feedstock with intercropping system which may employ more than 12 million people. Giving priority to the development of Biofuel (BBN), as well as bio-energy and renewable energy obligations that followed the use of biodiesel is increased gradually.

5. Establishing NPK fertilizer plant and a new area owned by farmers with a total capacity of 4 million tons.

6. Ensuring food prices benefit farmers as well affordable by the consumers.

7. Establishing a geothermal power plant and water with a capacity of 10,000 MW and implement the national electricity supply reached a ratio of 100% up to 2019.

8. Establishing petroleum refineries, ethanol plants, and factories DME (substitute LPG), and gas receiving terminal infrastructure and network transmission / distribution of gas.

9. Expanding the use of fuel oil to gas conversion and renewable energy for electricity generation.

10. Reducing fuel subsidies specifically to the rich through taxes and excise mechanisms, as well as building systems energy subsidies better targeted and equitable.

Pair of candidates for president and vice-president Jusuf Kalla Joko Widodo has officially register with the National Election Commission. One of the documents they submit is the vision and mission if elected to lead Indonesia for the next 5 years.

In documents obtained from the Commission, on Wednesday (21/05/2014), the vision-mission Jokowi JK titled 'Way to Change Indonesian sovereign, independent, and personality' which is contained in 42 pages.

The vision of this pair is the 'realization of Indonesian sovereign, independent, and personality Based on Mutual Aid'.

While the mission is divided into 7 points, namely:
1. Achieve national security that is able to maintain the sovereignty of the area, sustain economic independence by securing maritime resources, and reflect the personality of Indonesia as an archipelago.
2. Brought advanced society, harmony, and democratic state based on law.
3. Achieve foreign policy free-active and strengthening identity as a maritime nation.
4. Realizing the quality of Indonesian human life is high, advanced and prosperous.
5. Realizing the power of the nation-competitive.
6. Realizing maritime Indonesia became independent, advanced, powerful and based on national interests.
7. Brought personality society in culture.

Source = http://forum.detik.com/showthread.php?t=947703